Tuleyome's Science Corner - Sandhill Cranes

Kristie Ehrhardt • November 9, 2023

Sandhill Crane by Bob Zeller, National Wildlife Federation

When is the last time you saw a real-live dinosaur? I’m guessing it’s been a while, am I right? If you’d like to get an up close and personal look at a living fossil, look no farther than the wetlands and surrounding habitat types of California’s Central Valley. Sandhill Cranes (Antigone canadensis) are among the oldest living bird species on Earth. Beginning in October, their arrival from their northern breeding grounds creates quite a spectacle as thousands upon thousands of these giant birds arrive in the Central Valley to spend the winter. Their homecoming is announced by their unique and thunderous bugling calls. 


There are 15 species of cranes world-wide with only two species occurring in the United States; Sandhill Cranes and Whooping Cranes. There are three migrating subpopulations of Sandhill Cranes: Lesser, Greater and Canadian, and three non-migratory subpopulations: Mississippi, Florida and Cuban, each occurring in their namesake locations. Both the Mississippi and Cuban subpopulations are critically endangered. Of the three migrating subpopulations, it is the Greater subpopulation that winters here in our region. During the cranes’ migration back to their breeding grounds in the spring, tens of thousands of them congregate along the Platte River in Nebraska. It is there that a fossil from a Sandhill Crane relative estimated to be approximately ten million (!) years old was found.


This living fossil belongs to the taxonomic order Gruiformes which dates back to shortly after the end of the dinosaurs, about 60 million years ago. The oldest conclusive Sandhill Crane fossil dates back about two and a half million years while most modern-day birds’ lineage dates back to less than two million years ago, proving Sandhill Cranes to be much older than most bird species.


Sandhill Cranes are large bulky birds with wingspans from five to seven feet. They stand about five feet tall and can weigh up to twelve pounds. Adults boast mainly slate gray plumage that may be streaked with mud, long necks with pale cheeks, an unmistakable bright crimson cap and their illustrious “bustle” of longer feathers covering their rears. Juveniles have the same gray plumage minus the red cap with the addition of a rusty wash on their on their wings, neck, back and tops of their heads. They are impressive fliers and take advantage of thermals and currents, staying aloft for hours without exerting unnecessary energy. They generally cover up to 300 miles in a single day but some have gone as far as 500 miles with a helpful tailwind. They fly with their necks outstretched and their feet and legs trailing behind them filling the skies with their shape and trumpeting sounds. 


Sandhill Cranes are social and live in pairs or with their family groups, but when it is time to make the journey to their wintering grounds, large groups of unrelated cranes come together to migrate, forage and roost as one extensive unit. They mate for life and use their calls along with their elaborate and graceful dance moves to court and secure their life partners. Once bonded, the pairs build grand, mounded nests made of sedges, reeds and grasses in wetlands or the surrounding uplands. One to three eggs are laid and will hatch about a month later. As is common with ground-nesting birds, the hatchlings begin wandering from the nest after only a few hours. The young begin to fly at about three months of age, but remain with the parents during migration and for the remainder of the year until the next clutch is laid the following season. They are omnivores and their diet changes with their locations and the seasons. While in California they forage for seeds, plants, worms, snails, reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals in open grasslands, fields and wetlands. Sandhill Cranes are famous for their rolling, reverberating calls which are a result of their anatomy. Their trachea is very long and coils into their breast bone which lowers the pitch and amplifies the sound of their call which can be heard for long distances.


They’re only here for a short time and if you’d like to see how special they are just visit the Woodbridge Ecological Reserve and/or the Cosumnes River Preserve from October through February. Cosumnes River Preserve offers guided Sandhill Crane tours. Note, you will need a Lands Pass, or a hunting or fishing license to enter the Woodbridge Ecological Reserve. And, although they’re enormous, you’ll kick yourself if you forget your binoculars!


-Kristie Ehrhardt (kehrhardt@tuleyome.org)


Tuleyome Land Conservation Program Manager

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I genuinely want to go, I have wanted to for years but I annually find myself looking at the calendar and open-palm smacking my forehead because I let it slip past me again. In case you haven’t deduced by the title, I’m talking about the Sandhill Crane Festival! I think my delinquency issue stems from the fact the arrival of the cranes coincides with my daughter’s arrival date as well. Apparently little kid birthday party planning consumed any of the surplus space left in my brain after working all week. Over the years she’s had delightful birthday parties with her little buddies at the charming and educational Folsom Zoo Sanctuary (that one was my favorite), the quintessential Sacramento lil’ kid party spots like Funderland and Fairytale Town, and a stinky bouncy house place that smelled like dirty socks and sweaty little kids. Unfortunately, while being deep into her girly-girl era and following the sub-teen status quo, my kiddo never wanted a destination birthday party at a festival for big, gray birds. Consequently, during the crane’s advent, I was always knee deep in cupcakes and party favors; but, seeing as how this year she’s turning 24 (time goes way too fast!) I find myself relatively unrestricted for at least a bit of the jubilee and so I shall finally go. The Sandhill Crane Festival began in 1997 through a partnership with the Lodi Sandhill Crane Association, the City of Lodi, the Lodi Chamber of Commerce, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife and a throng of local volunteers and fellow crane enthusiasts. The goal of the festival was, and still is, to promote Sandhill Crane conservation focusing primarily on California’s Delta region. The Delta is where the saltwater from the San Francisco Bay combines with freshwater from major rivers such as the Sacramento and the San Joaquin (along with other smaller waterways), creating the largest estuary on the West Coast. This ecosystem is a vital piece of the Pacific Flyway - one of four flightpaths for migrating birds in North America. The Pacific Flyway reaches from the Arctic tundra in Alaska south to Patagonia in South America. This flyway belt is about 4,000 miles long and 1,000 miles wide. Without conservation efforts here the birds traveling thousands of miles twice a year would have a tough time surviving the trip if the refueling and resting stops were not available to them or healthy enough to support the cranes and the other one billion birds that use the flyway biannually. Sandhill Cranes ( Antigone canadensis ) are hard to miss. They stand about five feet tall and have wingspans that range between five and seven feet - equivalent to Michael Jordan and LeBron James. They usually weigh-in around twelve pounds; that’s like a gallon of paint taking to the sky for about 2,000 miles. If their stature doesn’t impress you, their voices will. Their rolling, reverberating calls are a result of their anatomy. Their trachea (wind pipe) is very long and coils around their breastbone which lowers the pitch and amplifies the sound. Sandhill Cranes are social and live in pairs with their life-long mates or in family groups. When it's time for them to journey north or south, large groups of unrelated cranes congregate to migrate, forage and roost together as one large group. They’re among the oldest living birds in North America with fossils dating back an estimated two and a half million years ago; most modern-day birds’ lineages are estimated to be less than two million years old. 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